Types of Rocks

Rocks are not all the same!

The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed.

Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils.

Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.

Metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their surface.

Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.

Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike. Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny holes and spaces in the rock

 

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Geology Careers

Geoscientists follow paths of exploration and discovery in quest of solutions to some of society's most challenging problems:
Predicting the behavior of Earth systems and the universe.
Finding adequate supplies of natural resources, such as ground water, petroleum, and metals.
Conserving soils and maintaining agricultural productivity.
Developing natural resources in ways that safeguard the environment.
Maintaining quality of water supplies.
Reducing human suffering and property loss from natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, hurricanes, and tsunamis.
Determining geological controls on natural environments and habitats and predicting the impact of human activities on them.
Defining the balance between society's demand for natural resources and the need to sustain healthy ecosystems.
Understanding global climate patterns.

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